3.1. Difference between vacuum tube and semiconductor
3.2. Working principal and use of:- P-N junction diode, LED, Zener diode, light emitting
diode, Resisters, Bipolar junction transistor

3.3. Forward and reverse biasing of PN junction diode, Effects of Temperature and
Junction Capacitance
3.4. Basic concept of integrated circuits and its use
3.5. Transistors (npn and pnp) – Types, Construction, Working principle as an amplifier
and characteristics.
3.6. Field Effect Transistor (JFET and MOSFETS) – Types, construction, working
principles as an amplifier and characteristics.